summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/caddyconfig/httpcaddyfile/httptype.go
blob: 72d98bd944ce8b3a44b169434eb857d99489a7ed (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package httpcaddyfile

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"

	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/caddyconfig/caddyfile"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddyhttp"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddypki"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
	"go.uber.org/zap"
)

func init() {
	caddyconfig.RegisterAdapter("caddyfile", caddyfile.Adapter{ServerType: ServerType{}})
}

// App represents the configuration for a non-standard
// Caddy app module (e.g. third-party plugin) which was
// parsed from a global options block.
type App struct {
	// The JSON key for the app being configured
	Name string

	// The raw app config as JSON
	Value json.RawMessage
}

// ServerType can set up a config from an HTTP Caddyfile.
type ServerType struct {
}

// Setup makes a config from the tokens.
func (st ServerType) Setup(inputServerBlocks []caddyfile.ServerBlock,
	options map[string]any) (*caddy.Config, []caddyconfig.Warning, error) {
	var warnings []caddyconfig.Warning
	gc := counter{new(int)}
	state := make(map[string]any)

	// load all the server blocks and associate them with a "pile" of config values
	originalServerBlocks := make([]serverBlock, 0, len(inputServerBlocks))
	for _, sblock := range inputServerBlocks {
		for j, k := range sblock.Keys {
			if j == 0 && strings.HasPrefix(k, "@") {
				return nil, warnings, fmt.Errorf("cannot define a matcher outside of a site block: '%s'", k)
			}
		}
		originalServerBlocks = append(originalServerBlocks, serverBlock{
			block: sblock,
			pile:  make(map[string][]ConfigValue),
		})
	}

	// apply any global options
	var err error
	originalServerBlocks, err = st.evaluateGlobalOptionsBlock(originalServerBlocks, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, warnings, err
	}

	// replace shorthand placeholders (which are convenient
	// when writing a Caddyfile) with their actual placeholder
	// identifiers or variable names
	replacer := strings.NewReplacer(placeholderShorthands()...)

	// these are placeholders that allow a user-defined final
	// parameters, but we still want to provide a shorthand
	// for those, so we use a regexp to replace
	regexpReplacements := []struct {
		search  *regexp.Regexp
		replace string
	}{
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{header\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.header.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{cookie\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.cookie.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{labels\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.host.labels.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{path\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.uri.path.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{file\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.uri.path.file.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{query\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.request.uri.query.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{re\.([\w-]*)\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.regexp.$1.$2}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{vars\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.vars.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{rp\.([\w-\.]*)}`), "{http.reverse_proxy.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{err\.([\w-\.]*)}`), "{http.error.$1}"},
		{regexp.MustCompile(`{file_match\.([\w-]*)}`), "{http.matchers.file.$1}"},
	}

	for _, sb := range originalServerBlocks {
		for _, segment := range sb.block.Segments {
			for i := 0; i < len(segment); i++ {
				// simple string replacements
				segment[i].Text = replacer.Replace(segment[i].Text)
				// complex regexp replacements
				for _, r := range regexpReplacements {
					segment[i].Text = r.search.ReplaceAllString(segment[i].Text, r.replace)
				}
			}
		}

		if len(sb.block.Keys) == 0 {
			return nil, warnings, fmt.Errorf("server block without any key is global configuration, and if used, it must be first")
		}

		// extract matcher definitions
		matcherDefs := make(map[string]caddy.ModuleMap)
		for _, segment := range sb.block.Segments {
			if dir := segment.Directive(); strings.HasPrefix(dir, matcherPrefix) {
				d := sb.block.DispenseDirective(dir)
				err := parseMatcherDefinitions(d, matcherDefs)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, warnings, err
				}
			}
		}

		// evaluate each directive ("segment") in this block
		for _, segment := range sb.block.Segments {
			dir := segment.Directive()

			if strings.HasPrefix(dir, matcherPrefix) {
				// matcher definitions were pre-processed
				continue
			}

			dirFunc, ok := registeredDirectives[dir]
			if !ok {
				tkn := segment[0]
				message := "%s:%d: unrecognized directive: %s"
				if !sb.block.HasBraces {
					message += "\nDid you mean to define a second site? If so, you must use curly braces around each site to separate their configurations."
				}
				return nil, warnings, fmt.Errorf(message, tkn.File, tkn.Line, dir)
			}

			h := Helper{
				Dispenser:    caddyfile.NewDispenser(segment),
				options:      options,
				warnings:     &warnings,
				matcherDefs:  matcherDefs,
				parentBlock:  sb.block,
				groupCounter: gc,
				State:        state,
			}

			results, err := dirFunc(h)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, warnings, fmt.Errorf("parsing caddyfile tokens for '%s': %v", dir, err)
			}

			dir = normalizeDirectiveName(dir)

			for _, result := range results {
				result.directive = dir
				sb.pile[result.Class] = append(sb.pile[result.Class], result)
			}
		}
	}

	// map
	sbmap, err := st.mapAddressToServerBlocks(originalServerBlocks, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, warnings, err
	}

	// reduce
	pairings := st.consolidateAddrMappings(sbmap)

	// each pairing of listener addresses to list of server
	// blocks is basically a server definition
	servers, err := st.serversFromPairings(pairings, options, &warnings, gc)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, warnings, err
	}

	// now that each server is configured, make the HTTP app
	httpApp := caddyhttp.App{
		HTTPPort:      tryInt(options["http_port"], &warnings),
		HTTPSPort:     tryInt(options["https_port"], &warnings),
		GracePeriod:   tryDuration(options["grace_period"], &warnings),
		ShutdownDelay: tryDuration(options["shutdown_delay"], &warnings),
		Servers:       servers,
	}

	// then make the TLS app
	tlsApp, warnings, err := st.buildTLSApp(pairings, options, warnings)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, warnings, err
	}

	// then make the PKI app
	pkiApp, warnings, err := st.buildPKIApp(pairings, options, warnings)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, warnings, err
	}

	// extract any custom logs, and enforce configured levels
	var customLogs []namedCustomLog
	var hasDefaultLog bool
	addCustomLog := func(ncl namedCustomLog) {
		if ncl.name == "" {
			return
		}
		if ncl.name == "default" {
			hasDefaultLog = true
		}
		if _, ok := options["debug"]; ok && ncl.log.Level == "" {
			ncl.log.Level = "DEBUG"
		}
		customLogs = append(customLogs, ncl)
	}

	// Apply global log options, when set
	if options["log"] != nil {
		for _, logValue := range options["log"].([]ConfigValue) {
			addCustomLog(logValue.Value.(namedCustomLog))
		}
	}

	if !hasDefaultLog {
		// if the default log was not customized, ensure we
		// configure it with any applicable options
		if _, ok := options["debug"]; ok {
			customLogs = append(customLogs, namedCustomLog{
				name: "default",
				log:  &caddy.CustomLog{Level: "DEBUG"},
			})
		}
	}

	// Apply server-specific log options
	for _, p := range pairings {
		for _, sb := range p.serverBlocks {
			for _, clVal := range sb.pile["custom_log"] {
				addCustomLog(clVal.Value.(namedCustomLog))
			}
		}
	}

	// annnd the top-level config, then we're done!
	cfg := &caddy.Config{AppsRaw: make(caddy.ModuleMap)}

	// loop through the configured options, and if any of
	// them are an httpcaddyfile App, then we insert them
	// into the config as raw Caddy apps
	for _, opt := range options {
		if app, ok := opt.(App); ok {
			cfg.AppsRaw[app.Name] = app.Value
		}
	}

	// insert the standard Caddy apps into the config
	if len(httpApp.Servers) > 0 {
		cfg.AppsRaw["http"] = caddyconfig.JSON(httpApp, &warnings)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(tlsApp, &caddytls.TLS{CertificatesRaw: make(caddy.ModuleMap)}) {
		cfg.AppsRaw["tls"] = caddyconfig.JSON(tlsApp, &warnings)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(pkiApp, &caddypki.PKI{CAs: make(map[string]*caddypki.CA)}) {
		cfg.AppsRaw["pki"] = caddyconfig.JSON(pkiApp, &warnings)
	}
	if storageCvtr, ok := options["storage"].(caddy.StorageConverter); ok {
		cfg.StorageRaw = caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(storageCvtr,
			"module",
			storageCvtr.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(),
			&warnings)
	}
	if adminConfig, ok := options["admin"].(*caddy.AdminConfig); ok && adminConfig != nil {
		cfg.Admin = adminConfig
	}
	if len(customLogs) > 0 {
		if cfg.Logging == nil {
			cfg.Logging = &caddy.Logging{
				Logs: make(map[string]*caddy.CustomLog),
			}
		}
		for _, ncl := range customLogs {
			if ncl.name != "" {
				cfg.Logging.Logs[ncl.name] = ncl.log
			}
			// most users seem to prefer not writing access logs
			// to the default log when they are directed to a
			// file or have any other special customization
			if ncl.name != "default" && len(ncl.log.Include) > 0 {
				defaultLog, ok := cfg.Logging.Logs["default"]
				if !ok {
					defaultLog = new(caddy.CustomLog)
					cfg.Logging.Logs["default"] = defaultLog
				}
				defaultLog.Exclude = append(defaultLog.Exclude, ncl.log.Include...)
			}
		}
	}

	return cfg, warnings, nil
}

// evaluateGlobalOptionsBlock evaluates the global options block,
// which is expected to be the first server block if it has zero
// keys. It returns the updated list of server blocks with the
// global options block removed, and updates options accordingly.
func (ServerType) evaluateGlobalOptionsBlock(serverBlocks []serverBlock, options map[string]any) ([]serverBlock, error) {
	if len(serverBlocks) == 0 || len(serverBlocks[0].block.Keys) > 0 {
		return serverBlocks, nil
	}

	for _, segment := range serverBlocks[0].block.Segments {
		opt := segment.Directive()
		var val any
		var err error
		disp := caddyfile.NewDispenser(segment)

		optFunc, ok := registeredGlobalOptions[opt]
		if !ok {
			tkn := segment[0]
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s:%d: unrecognized global option: %s", tkn.File, tkn.Line, opt)
		}

		val, err = optFunc(disp, options[opt])
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing caddyfile tokens for '%s': %v", opt, err)
		}

		// As a special case, fold multiple "servers" options together
		// in an array instead of overwriting a possible existing value
		if opt == "servers" {
			existingOpts, ok := options[opt].([]serverOptions)
			if !ok {
				existingOpts = []serverOptions{}
			}
			serverOpts, ok := val.(serverOptions)
			if !ok {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type from 'servers' global options: %T", val)
			}
			options[opt] = append(existingOpts, serverOpts)
			continue
		}
		// Additionally, fold multiple "log" options together into an
		// array so that multiple loggers can be configured.
		if opt == "log" {
			existingOpts, ok := options[opt].([]ConfigValue)
			if !ok {
				existingOpts = []ConfigValue{}
			}
			logOpts, ok := val.([]ConfigValue)
			if !ok {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected type from 'log' global options: %T", val)
			}
			options[opt] = append(existingOpts, logOpts...)
			continue
		}

		options[opt] = val
	}

	// If we got "servers" options, we'll sort them by their listener address
	if serverOpts, ok := options["servers"].([]serverOptions); ok {
		sort.Slice(serverOpts, func(i, j int) bool {
			return len(serverOpts[i].ListenerAddress) > len(serverOpts[j].ListenerAddress)
		})

		// Reject the config if there are duplicate listener address
		seen := make(map[string]bool)
		for _, entry := range serverOpts {
			if _, alreadySeen := seen[entry.ListenerAddress]; alreadySeen {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot have 'servers' global options with duplicate listener addresses: %s", entry.ListenerAddress)
			}
			seen[entry.ListenerAddress] = true
		}
	}

	return serverBlocks[1:], nil
}

// serversFromPairings creates the servers for each pairing of addresses
// to server blocks. Each pairing is essentially a server definition.
func (st *ServerType) serversFromPairings(
	pairings []sbAddrAssociation,
	options map[string]any,
	warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning,
	groupCounter counter,
) (map[string]*caddyhttp.Server, error) {
	servers := make(map[string]*caddyhttp.Server)
	defaultSNI := tryString(options["default_sni"], warnings)

	httpPort := strconv.Itoa(caddyhttp.DefaultHTTPPort)
	if hp, ok := options["http_port"].(int); ok {
		httpPort = strconv.Itoa(hp)
	}
	httpsPort := strconv.Itoa(caddyhttp.DefaultHTTPSPort)
	if hsp, ok := options["https_port"].(int); ok {
		httpsPort = strconv.Itoa(hsp)
	}
	autoHTTPS := "on"
	if ah, ok := options["auto_https"].(string); ok {
		autoHTTPS = ah
	}

	for i, p := range pairings {
		// detect ambiguous site definitions: server blocks which
		// have the same host bound to the same interface (listener
		// address), otherwise their routes will improperly be added
		// to the same server (see issue #4635)
		for j, sblock1 := range p.serverBlocks {
			for _, key := range sblock1.block.Keys {
				for k, sblock2 := range p.serverBlocks {
					if k == j {
						continue
					}
					if sliceContains(sblock2.block.Keys, key) {
						return nil, fmt.Errorf("ambiguous site definition: %s", key)
					}
				}
			}
		}

		srv := &caddyhttp.Server{
			Listen: p.addresses,
		}

		// handle the auto_https global option
		if autoHTTPS != "on" {
			srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
			switch autoHTTPS {
			case "off":
				srv.AutoHTTPS.Disabled = true
			case "disable_redirects":
				srv.AutoHTTPS.DisableRedir = true
			case "disable_certs":
				srv.AutoHTTPS.DisableCerts = true
			case "ignore_loaded_certs":
				srv.AutoHTTPS.IgnoreLoadedCerts = true
			}
		}

		// Using paths in site addresses is deprecated
		// See ParseAddress() where parsing should later reject paths
		// See https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/pull/4728 for a full explanation
		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
			for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
				if addr.Path != "" {
					caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Using a path in a site address is deprecated; please use the 'handle' directive instead", zap.String("address", addr.String()))
				}
			}
		}

		// sort server blocks by their keys; this is important because
		// only the first matching site should be evaluated, and we should
		// attempt to match most specific site first (host and path), in
		// case their matchers overlap; we do this somewhat naively by
		// descending sort by length of host then path
		sort.SliceStable(p.serverBlocks, func(i, j int) bool {
			// TODO: we could pre-process the specificities for efficiency,
			// but I don't expect many blocks will have THAT many keys...
			var iLongestPath, jLongestPath string
			var iLongestHost, jLongestHost string
			var iWildcardHost, jWildcardHost bool
			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[i].keys {
				if strings.Contains(addr.Host, "*") || addr.Host == "" {
					iWildcardHost = true
				}
				if specificity(addr.Host) > specificity(iLongestHost) {
					iLongestHost = addr.Host
				}
				if specificity(addr.Path) > specificity(iLongestPath) {
					iLongestPath = addr.Path
				}
			}
			for _, addr := range p.serverBlocks[j].keys {
				if strings.Contains(addr.Host, "*") || addr.Host == "" {
					jWildcardHost = true
				}
				if specificity(addr.Host) > specificity(jLongestHost) {
					jLongestHost = addr.Host
				}
				if specificity(addr.Path) > specificity(jLongestPath) {
					jLongestPath = addr.Path
				}
			}
			// catch-all blocks (blocks with no hostname) should always go
			// last, even after blocks with wildcard hosts
			if specificity(iLongestHost) == 0 {
				return false
			}
			if specificity(jLongestHost) == 0 {
				return true
			}
			if iWildcardHost != jWildcardHost {
				// site blocks that have a key with a wildcard in the hostname
				// must always be less specific than blocks without one; see
				// https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/3410
				return jWildcardHost && !iWildcardHost
			}
			if specificity(iLongestHost) == specificity(jLongestHost) {
				return len(iLongestPath) > len(jLongestPath)
			}
			return specificity(iLongestHost) > specificity(jLongestHost)
		})

		var hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy, addressQualifiesForTLS bool
		autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy := autoHTTPS != "off"

		// if a catch-all server block (one which accepts all hostnames) exists in this pairing,
		// we need to know that so that we can configure logs properly (see #3878)
		var catchAllSblockExists bool
		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
			if len(sblock.hostsFromKeys(false)) == 0 {
				catchAllSblockExists = true
			}
		}

		// if needed, the ServerLogConfig is initialized beforehand so
		// that all server blocks can populate it with data, even when not
		// coming with a log directive
		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
			if len(sblock.pile["custom_log"]) != 0 {
				srv.Logs = new(caddyhttp.ServerLogConfig)
				break
			}
		}

		// create a subroute for each site in the server block
		for _, sblock := range p.serverBlocks {
			matcherSetsEnc, err := st.compileEncodedMatcherSets(sblock)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("server block %v: compiling matcher sets: %v", sblock.block.Keys, err)
			}

			hosts := sblock.hostsFromKeys(false)

			// emit warnings if user put unspecified IP addresses; they probably want the bind directive
			for _, h := range hosts {
				if h == "0.0.0.0" || h == "::" {
					caddy.Log().Named("caddyfile").Warn("Site block has an unspecified IP address which only matches requests having that Host header; you probably want the 'bind' directive to configure the socket", zap.String("address", h))
				}
			}

			// tls: connection policies
			if cpVals, ok := sblock.pile["tls.connection_policy"]; ok {
				// tls connection policies
				for _, cpVal := range cpVals {
					cp := cpVal.Value.(*caddytls.ConnectionPolicy)

					// make sure the policy covers all hostnames from the block
					for _, h := range hosts {
						if h == defaultSNI {
							hosts = append(hosts, "")
							cp.DefaultSNI = defaultSNI
							break
						}
					}

					if len(hosts) > 0 {
						cp.MatchersRaw = caddy.ModuleMap{
							"sni": caddyconfig.JSON(hosts, warnings), // make sure to match all hosts, not just auto-HTTPS-qualified ones
						}
					} else {
						cp.DefaultSNI = defaultSNI
					}

					// only append this policy if it actually changes something
					if !cp.SettingsEmpty() {
						srv.TLSConnPolicies = append(srv.TLSConnPolicies, cp)
						hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy = len(hosts) == 0
					}
				}
			}

			for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
				// if server only uses HTTP port, auto-HTTPS will not apply
				if listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(srv.Listen, httpPort) {
					// exclude any hosts that were defined explicitly with "http://"
					// in the key from automated cert management (issue #2998)
					if addr.Scheme == "http" && addr.Host != "" {
						if srv.AutoHTTPS == nil {
							srv.AutoHTTPS = new(caddyhttp.AutoHTTPSConfig)
						}
						if !sliceContains(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host) {
							srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip = append(srv.AutoHTTPS.Skip, addr.Host)
						}
					}
				}

				// we'll need to remember if the address qualifies for auto-HTTPS, so we
				// can add a TLS conn policy if necessary
				if addr.Scheme == "https" ||
					(addr.Scheme != "http" && addr.Host != "" && addr.Port != httpPort) {
					addressQualifiesForTLS = true
				}
				// predict whether auto-HTTPS will add the conn policy for us; if so, we
				// may not need to add one for this server
				autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy = autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy &&
					(addr.Port == httpsPort || (addr.Port != httpPort && addr.Host != ""))
			}

			// Look for any config values that provide listener wrappers on the server block
			for _, listenerConfig := range sblock.pile["listener_wrapper"] {
				listenerWrapper, ok := listenerConfig.Value.(caddy.ListenerWrapper)
				if !ok {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("config for a listener wrapper did not provide a value that implements caddy.ListenerWrapper")
				}
				jsonListenerWrapper := caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(
					listenerWrapper,
					"wrapper",
					listenerWrapper.(caddy.Module).CaddyModule().ID.Name(),
					warnings)
				srv.ListenerWrappersRaw = append(srv.ListenerWrappersRaw, jsonListenerWrapper)
			}

			// set up each handler directive, making sure to honor directive order
			dirRoutes := sblock.pile["route"]
			siteSubroute, err := buildSubroute(dirRoutes, groupCounter)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			// add the site block's route(s) to the server
			srv.Routes = appendSubrouteToRouteList(srv.Routes, siteSubroute, matcherSetsEnc, p, warnings)

			// if error routes are defined, add those too
			if errorSubrouteVals, ok := sblock.pile["error_route"]; ok {
				if srv.Errors == nil {
					srv.Errors = new(caddyhttp.HTTPErrorConfig)
				}
				for _, val := range errorSubrouteVals {
					sr := val.Value.(*caddyhttp.Subroute)
					srv.Errors.Routes = appendSubrouteToRouteList(srv.Errors.Routes, sr, matcherSetsEnc, p, warnings)
				}
			}

			// add log associations
			// see https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/3310
			sblockLogHosts := sblock.hostsFromKeys(true)
			for _, cval := range sblock.pile["custom_log"] {
				ncl := cval.Value.(namedCustomLog)
				if sblock.hasHostCatchAllKey() {
					// all requests for hosts not able to be listed should use
					// this log because it's a catch-all-hosts server block
					srv.Logs.DefaultLoggerName = ncl.name
				} else {
					// map each host to the user's desired logger name
					for _, h := range sblockLogHosts {
						// if the custom logger name is non-empty, add it to the map;
						// otherwise, only map to an empty logger name if this or
						// another site block on this server has a catch-all host (in
						// which case only requests with mapped hostnames will be
						// access-logged, so it'll be necessary to add them to the
						// map even if they use default logger)
						if ncl.name != "" || catchAllSblockExists {
							if srv.Logs.LoggerNames == nil {
								srv.Logs.LoggerNames = make(map[string]string)
							}
							srv.Logs.LoggerNames[h] = ncl.name
						}
					}
				}
			}
			if srv.Logs != nil && len(sblock.pile["custom_log"]) == 0 {
				// server has access logs enabled, but this server block does not
				// enable access logs; therefore, all hosts of this server block
				// should not be access-logged
				if len(hosts) == 0 {
					// if the server block has a catch-all-hosts key, then we should
					// not log reqs to any host unless it appears in the map
					srv.Logs.SkipUnmappedHosts = true
				}
				srv.Logs.SkipHosts = append(srv.Logs.SkipHosts, sblockLogHosts...)
			}
		}

		// a server cannot (natively) serve both HTTP and HTTPS at the
		// same time, so make sure the configuration isn't in conflict
		err := detectConflictingSchemes(srv, p.serverBlocks, options)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		// a catch-all TLS conn policy is necessary to ensure TLS can
		// be offered to all hostnames of the server; even though only
		// one policy is needed to enable TLS for the server, that
		// policy might apply to only certain TLS handshakes; but when
		// using the Caddyfile, user would expect all handshakes to at
		// least have a matching connection policy, so here we append a
		// catch-all/default policy if there isn't one already (it's
		// important that it goes at the end) - see issue #3004:
		// https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/3004
		// TODO: maybe a smarter way to handle this might be to just make the
		// auto-HTTPS logic at provision-time detect if there is any connection
		// policy missing for any HTTPS-enabled hosts, if so, add it... maybe?
		if addressQualifiesForTLS &&
			!hasCatchAllTLSConnPolicy &&
			(len(srv.TLSConnPolicies) > 0 || !autoHTTPSWillAddConnPolicy || defaultSNI != "") {
			srv.TLSConnPolicies = append(srv.TLSConnPolicies, &caddytls.ConnectionPolicy{DefaultSNI: defaultSNI})
		}

		// tidy things up a bit
		srv.TLSConnPolicies, err = consolidateConnPolicies(srv.TLSConnPolicies)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("consolidating TLS connection policies for server %d: %v", i, err)
		}
		srv.Routes = consolidateRoutes(srv.Routes)

		servers[fmt.Sprintf("srv%d", i)] = srv
	}

	err := applyServerOptions(servers, options, warnings)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return servers, nil
}

func detectConflictingSchemes(srv *caddyhttp.Server, serverBlocks []serverBlock, options map[string]any) error {
	httpPort := strconv.Itoa(caddyhttp.DefaultHTTPPort)
	if hp, ok := options["http_port"].(int); ok {
		httpPort = strconv.Itoa(hp)
	}
	httpsPort := strconv.Itoa(caddyhttp.DefaultHTTPSPort)
	if hsp, ok := options["https_port"].(int); ok {
		httpsPort = strconv.Itoa(hsp)
	}

	var httpOrHTTPS string
	checkAndSetHTTP := func(addr Address) error {
		if httpOrHTTPS == "HTTPS" {
			errMsg := fmt.Errorf("server listening on %v is configured for HTTPS and cannot natively multiplex HTTP and HTTPS: %s",
				srv.Listen, addr.Original)
			if addr.Scheme == "" && addr.Host == "" {
				errMsg = fmt.Errorf("%s (try specifying https:// in the address)", errMsg)
			}
			return errMsg
		}
		if len(srv.TLSConnPolicies) > 0 {
			// any connection policies created for an HTTP server
			// is a logical conflict, as it would enable HTTPS
			return fmt.Errorf("server listening on %v is HTTP, but attempts to configure TLS connection policies", srv.Listen)
		}
		httpOrHTTPS = "HTTP"
		return nil
	}
	checkAndSetHTTPS := func(addr Address) error {
		if httpOrHTTPS == "HTTP" {
			return fmt.Errorf("server listening on %v is configured for HTTP and cannot natively multiplex HTTP and HTTPS: %s",
				srv.Listen, addr.Original)
		}
		httpOrHTTPS = "HTTPS"
		return nil
	}

	for _, sblock := range serverBlocks {
		for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
			if addr.Scheme == "http" || addr.Port == httpPort {
				if err := checkAndSetHTTP(addr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			} else if addr.Scheme == "https" || addr.Port == httpsPort || len(srv.TLSConnPolicies) > 0 {
				if err := checkAndSetHTTPS(addr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			} else if addr.Host == "" {
				if err := checkAndSetHTTP(addr); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// consolidateConnPolicies sorts any catch-all policy to the end, removes empty TLS connection
// policies, and combines equivalent ones for a cleaner overall output.
func consolidateConnPolicies(cps caddytls.ConnectionPolicies) (caddytls.ConnectionPolicies, error) {
	// catch-all policies (those without any matcher) should be at the
	// end, otherwise it nullifies any more specific policies
	sort.SliceStable(cps, func(i, j int) bool {
		return cps[j].MatchersRaw == nil && cps[i].MatchersRaw != nil
	})

	for i := 0; i < len(cps); i++ {
		// compare it to the others
		for j := 0; j < len(cps); j++ {
			if j == i {
				continue
			}

			// if they're exactly equal in every way, just keep one of them
			if reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i], cps[j]) {
				cps = append(cps[:j], cps[j+1:]...)
				i--
				break
			}

			// if they have the same matcher, try to reconcile each field: either they must
			// be identical, or we have to be able to combine them safely
			if reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].MatchersRaw, cps[j].MatchersRaw) {
				if len(cps[i].ALPN) > 0 &&
					len(cps[j].ALPN) > 0 &&
					!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].ALPN, cps[j].ALPN) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting ALPN: %v vs. %v",
						cps[i].ALPN, cps[j].ALPN)
				}
				if len(cps[i].CipherSuites) > 0 &&
					len(cps[j].CipherSuites) > 0 &&
					!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].CipherSuites, cps[j].CipherSuites) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting cipher suites: %v vs. %v",
						cps[i].CipherSuites, cps[j].CipherSuites)
				}
				if cps[i].ClientAuthentication == nil &&
					cps[j].ClientAuthentication != nil &&
					!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].ClientAuthentication, cps[j].ClientAuthentication) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting client auth configuration: %+v vs. %+v",
						cps[i].ClientAuthentication, cps[j].ClientAuthentication)
				}
				if len(cps[i].Curves) > 0 &&
					len(cps[j].Curves) > 0 &&
					!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].Curves, cps[j].Curves) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting curves: %v vs. %v",
						cps[i].Curves, cps[j].Curves)
				}
				if cps[i].DefaultSNI != "" &&
					cps[j].DefaultSNI != "" &&
					cps[i].DefaultSNI != cps[j].DefaultSNI {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting default SNI: %s vs. %s",
						cps[i].DefaultSNI, cps[j].DefaultSNI)
				}
				if cps[i].ProtocolMin != "" &&
					cps[j].ProtocolMin != "" &&
					cps[i].ProtocolMin != cps[j].ProtocolMin {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting min protocol: %s vs. %s",
						cps[i].ProtocolMin, cps[j].ProtocolMin)
				}
				if cps[i].ProtocolMax != "" &&
					cps[j].ProtocolMax != "" &&
					cps[i].ProtocolMax != cps[j].ProtocolMax {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting max protocol: %s vs. %s",
						cps[i].ProtocolMax, cps[j].ProtocolMax)
				}
				if cps[i].CertSelection != nil && cps[j].CertSelection != nil {
					// merging fields other than AnyTag is not implemented
					if !reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].CertSelection.SerialNumber, cps[j].CertSelection.SerialNumber) ||
						!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].CertSelection.SubjectOrganization, cps[j].CertSelection.SubjectOrganization) ||
						cps[i].CertSelection.PublicKeyAlgorithm != cps[j].CertSelection.PublicKeyAlgorithm ||
						!reflect.DeepEqual(cps[i].CertSelection.AllTags, cps[j].CertSelection.AllTags) {
						return nil, fmt.Errorf("two policies with same match criteria have conflicting cert selections: %+v vs. %+v",
							cps[i].CertSelection, cps[j].CertSelection)
					}
				}

				// by now we've decided that we can merge the two -- we'll keep i and drop j

				if len(cps[i].ALPN) == 0 && len(cps[j].ALPN) > 0 {
					cps[i].ALPN = cps[j].ALPN
				}
				if len(cps[i].CipherSuites) == 0 && len(cps[j].CipherSuites) > 0 {
					cps[i].CipherSuites = cps[j].CipherSuites
				}
				if cps[i].ClientAuthentication == nil && cps[j].ClientAuthentication != nil {
					cps[i].ClientAuthentication = cps[j].ClientAuthentication
				}
				if len(cps[i].Curves) == 0 && len(cps[j].Curves) > 0 {
					cps[i].Curves = cps[j].Curves
				}
				if cps[i].DefaultSNI == "" && cps[j].DefaultSNI != "" {
					cps[i].DefaultSNI = cps[j].DefaultSNI
				}
				if cps[i].ProtocolMin == "" && cps[j].ProtocolMin != "" {
					cps[i].ProtocolMin = cps[j].ProtocolMin
				}
				if cps[i].ProtocolMax == "" && cps[j].ProtocolMax != "" {
					cps[i].ProtocolMax = cps[j].ProtocolMax
				}

				if cps[i].CertSelection == nil && cps[j].CertSelection != nil {
					// if j is the only one with a policy, move it over to i
					cps[i].CertSelection = cps[j].CertSelection
				} else if cps[i].CertSelection != nil && cps[j].CertSelection != nil {
					// if both have one, then combine AnyTag
					for _, tag := range cps[j].CertSelection.AnyTag {
						if !sliceContains(cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag, tag) {
							cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag = append(cps[i].CertSelection.AnyTag, tag)
						}
					}
				}

				cps = append(cps[:j], cps[j+1:]...)
				i--
				break
			}
		}
	}
	return cps, nil
}

// appendSubrouteToRouteList appends the routes in subroute
// to the routeList, optionally qualified by matchers.
func appendSubrouteToRouteList(routeList caddyhttp.RouteList,
	subroute *caddyhttp.Subroute,
	matcherSetsEnc []caddy.ModuleMap,
	p sbAddrAssociation,
	warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning) caddyhttp.RouteList {

	// nothing to do if... there's nothing to do
	if len(matcherSetsEnc) == 0 && len(subroute.Routes) == 0 && subroute.Errors == nil {
		return routeList
	}

	if len(matcherSetsEnc) == 0 && len(p.serverBlocks) == 1 {
		// no need to wrap the handlers in a subroute if this is
		// the only server block and there is no matcher for it
		routeList = append(routeList, subroute.Routes...)
	} else {
		route := caddyhttp.Route{
			// the semantics of a site block in the Caddyfile dictate
			// that only the first matching one is evaluated, since
			// site blocks do not cascade nor inherit
			Terminal: true,
		}
		if len(matcherSetsEnc) > 0 {
			route.MatcherSetsRaw = matcherSetsEnc
		}
		if len(subroute.Routes) > 0 || subroute.Errors != nil {
			route.HandlersRaw = []json.RawMessage{
				caddyconfig.JSONModuleObject(subroute, "handler", "subroute", warnings),
			}
		}
		if len(route.MatcherSetsRaw) > 0 || len(route.HandlersRaw) > 0 {
			routeList = append(routeList, route)
		}
	}
	return routeList
}

// buildSubroute turns the config values, which are expected to be routes
// into a clean and orderly subroute that has all the routes within it.
func buildSubroute(routes []ConfigValue, groupCounter counter) (*caddyhttp.Subroute, error) {
	for _, val := range routes {
		if !directiveIsOrdered(val.directive) {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("directive '%s' is not ordered, so it cannot be used here", val.directive)
		}
	}

	sortRoutes(routes)

	subroute := new(caddyhttp.Subroute)

	// some directives are mutually exclusive (only first matching
	// instance should be evaluated); this is done by putting their
	// routes in the same group
	mutuallyExclusiveDirs := map[string]*struct {
		count     int
		groupName string
	}{
		// as a special case, group rewrite directives so that they are mutually exclusive;
		// this means that only the first matching rewrite will be evaluated, and that's
		// probably a good thing, since there should never be a need to do more than one
		// rewrite (I think?), and cascading rewrites smell bad... imagine these rewrites:
		//     rewrite /docs/json/* /docs/json/index.html
		//     rewrite /docs/*      /docs/index.html
		// (We use this on the Caddy website, or at least we did once.) The first rewrite's
		// result is also matched by the second rewrite, making the first rewrite pointless.
		// See issue #2959.
		"rewrite": {},

		// handle blocks are also mutually exclusive by definition
		"handle": {},

		// root just sets a variable, so if it was not mutually exclusive, intersecting
		// root directives would overwrite previously-matched ones; they should not cascade
		"root": {},
	}

	// we need to deterministically loop over each of these directives
	// in order to keep the group numbers consistent
	keys := make([]string, 0, len(mutuallyExclusiveDirs))
	for k := range mutuallyExclusiveDirs {
		keys = append(keys, k)
	}
	sort.Strings(keys)

	for _, meDir := range keys {
		info := mutuallyExclusiveDirs[meDir]

		// see how many instances of the directive there are
		for _, r := range routes {
			if r.directive == meDir {
				info.count++
				if info.count > 1 {
					break
				}
			}
		}
		// if there is more than one, put them in a group
		// (special case: "rewrite" directive must always be in
		// its own group--even if there is only one--because we
		// do not want a rewrite to be consolidated into other
		// adjacent routes that happen to have the same matcher,
		// see caddyserver/caddy#3108 - because the implied
		// intent of rewrite is to do an internal redirect,
		// we can't assume that the request will continue to
		// match the same matcher; anyway, giving a route a
		// unique group name should keep it from consolidating)
		if info.count > 1 || meDir == "rewrite" {
			info.groupName = groupCounter.nextGroup()
		}
	}

	// add all the routes piled in from directives
	for _, r := range routes {
		// put this route into a group if it is mutually exclusive
		if info, ok := mutuallyExclusiveDirs[r.directive]; ok {
			route := r.Value.(caddyhttp.Route)
			route.Group = info.groupName
			r.Value = route
		}

		switch route := r.Value.(type) {
		case caddyhttp.Subroute:
			// if a route-class config value is actually a Subroute handler
			// with nothing but a list of routes, then it is the intention
			// of the directive to keep these handlers together and in this
			// same order, but not necessarily in a subroute (if it wanted
			// to keep them in a subroute, the directive would have returned
			// a route with a Subroute as its handler); this is useful to
			// keep multiple handlers/routes together and in the same order
			// so that the sorting procedure we did above doesn't reorder them
			if route.Errors != nil {
				// if error handlers are also set, this is confusing; it's
				// probably supposed to be wrapped in a Route and encoded
				// as a regular handler route... programmer error.
				panic("found subroute with more than just routes; perhaps it should have been wrapped in a route?")
			}
			subroute.Routes = append(subroute.Routes, route.Routes...)
		case caddyhttp.Route:
			subroute.Routes = append(subroute.Routes, route)
		}
	}

	subroute.Routes = consolidateRoutes(subroute.Routes)

	return subroute, nil
}

// normalizeDirectiveName ensures directives that should be sorted
// at the same level are named the same before sorting happens.
func normalizeDirectiveName(directive string) string {
	// As a special case, we want "handle_path" to be sorted
	// at the same level as "handle", so we force them to use
	// the same directive name after their parsing is complete.
	// See https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/3675#issuecomment-678042377
	if directive == "handle_path" {
		directive = "handle"
	}
	return directive
}

// consolidateRoutes combines routes with the same properties
// (same matchers, same Terminal and Group settings) for a
// cleaner overall output.
func consolidateRoutes(routes caddyhttp.RouteList) caddyhttp.RouteList {
	for i := 0; i < len(routes)-1; i++ {
		if reflect.DeepEqual(routes[i].MatcherSetsRaw, routes[i+1].MatcherSetsRaw) &&
			routes[i].Terminal == routes[i+1].Terminal &&
			routes[i].Group == routes[i+1].Group {
			// keep the handlers in the same order, then splice out repetitive route
			routes[i].HandlersRaw = append(routes[i].HandlersRaw, routes[i+1].HandlersRaw...)
			routes = append(routes[:i+1], routes[i+2:]...)
			i--
		}
	}
	return routes
}

func matcherSetFromMatcherToken(
	tkn caddyfile.Token,
	matcherDefs map[string]caddy.ModuleMap,
	warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning,
) (caddy.ModuleMap, bool, error) {
	// matcher tokens can be wildcards, simple path matchers,
	// or refer to a pre-defined matcher by some name
	if tkn.Text == "*" {
		// match all requests == no matchers, so nothing to do
		return nil, true, nil
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(tkn.Text, "/") {
		// convenient way to specify a single path match
		return caddy.ModuleMap{
			"path": caddyconfig.JSON(caddyhttp.MatchPath{tkn.Text}, warnings),
		}, true, nil
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(tkn.Text, matcherPrefix) {
		// pre-defined matcher
		m, ok := matcherDefs[tkn.Text]
		if !ok {
			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized matcher name: %+v", tkn.Text)
		}
		return m, true, nil
	}
	return nil, false, nil
}

func (st *ServerType) compileEncodedMatcherSets(sblock serverBlock) ([]caddy.ModuleMap, error) {
	type hostPathPair struct {
		hostm caddyhttp.MatchHost
		pathm caddyhttp.MatchPath
	}

	// keep routes with common host and path matchers together
	var matcherPairs []*hostPathPair

	var catchAllHosts bool
	for _, addr := range sblock.keys {
		// choose a matcher pair that should be shared by this
		// server block; if none exists yet, create one
		var chosenMatcherPair *hostPathPair
		for _, mp := range matcherPairs {
			if (len(mp.pathm) == 0 && addr.Path == "") ||
				(len(mp.pathm) == 1 && mp.pathm[0] == addr.Path) {
				chosenMatcherPair = mp
				break
			}
		}
		if chosenMatcherPair == nil {
			chosenMatcherPair = new(hostPathPair)
			if addr.Path != "" {
				chosenMatcherPair.pathm = []string{addr.Path}
			}
			matcherPairs = append(matcherPairs, chosenMatcherPair)
		}

		// if one of the keys has no host (i.e. is a catch-all for
		// any hostname), then we need to null out the host matcher
		// entirely so that it matches all hosts
		if addr.Host == "" && !catchAllHosts {
			chosenMatcherPair.hostm = nil
			catchAllHosts = true
		}
		if catchAllHosts {
			continue
		}

		// add this server block's keys to the matcher
		// pair if it doesn't already exist
		if addr.Host != "" {
			var found bool
			for _, h := range chosenMatcherPair.hostm {
				if h == addr.Host {
					found = true
					break
				}
			}
			if !found {
				chosenMatcherPair.hostm = append(chosenMatcherPair.hostm, addr.Host)
			}
		}
	}

	// iterate each pairing of host and path matchers and
	// put them into a map for JSON encoding
	var matcherSets []map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher
	for _, mp := range matcherPairs {
		matcherSet := make(map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher)
		if len(mp.hostm) > 0 {
			matcherSet["host"] = mp.hostm
		}
		if len(mp.pathm) > 0 {
			matcherSet["path"] = mp.pathm
		}
		if len(matcherSet) > 0 {
			matcherSets = append(matcherSets, matcherSet)
		}
	}

	// finally, encode each of the matcher sets
	matcherSetsEnc := make([]caddy.ModuleMap, 0, len(matcherSets))
	for _, ms := range matcherSets {
		msEncoded, err := encodeMatcherSet(ms)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("server block %v: %v", sblock.block.Keys, err)
		}
		matcherSetsEnc = append(matcherSetsEnc, msEncoded)
	}

	return matcherSetsEnc, nil
}

func parseMatcherDefinitions(d *caddyfile.Dispenser, matchers map[string]caddy.ModuleMap) error {
	for d.Next() {
		// this is the "name" for "named matchers"
		definitionName := d.Val()

		if _, ok := matchers[definitionName]; ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("matcher is defined more than once: %s", definitionName)
		}
		matchers[definitionName] = make(caddy.ModuleMap)

		// given a matcher name and the tokens following it, parse
		// the tokens as a matcher module and record it
		makeMatcher := func(matcherName string, tokens []caddyfile.Token) error {
			mod, err := caddy.GetModule("http.matchers." + matcherName)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("getting matcher module '%s': %v", matcherName, err)
			}
			unm, ok := mod.New().(caddyfile.Unmarshaler)
			if !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("matcher module '%s' is not a Caddyfile unmarshaler", matcherName)
			}
			err = unm.UnmarshalCaddyfile(caddyfile.NewDispenser(tokens))
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			rm, ok := unm.(caddyhttp.RequestMatcher)
			if !ok {
				return fmt.Errorf("matcher module '%s' is not a request matcher", matcherName)
			}
			matchers[definitionName][matcherName] = caddyconfig.JSON(rm, nil)
			return nil
		}

		// if the next token is quoted, we can assume it's not a matcher name
		// and that it's probably an 'expression' matcher
		if d.NextArg() {
			if d.Token().Quoted() {
				err := makeMatcher("expression", []caddyfile.Token{d.Token()})
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				continue
			}

			// if it wasn't quoted, then we need to rewind after calling
			// d.NextArg() so the below properly grabs the matcher name
			d.Prev()
		}

		// in case there are multiple instances of the same matcher, concatenate
		// their tokens (we expect that UnmarshalCaddyfile should be able to
		// handle more than one segment); otherwise, we'd overwrite other
		// instances of the matcher in this set
		tokensByMatcherName := make(map[string][]caddyfile.Token)
		for nesting := d.Nesting(); d.NextArg() || d.NextBlock(nesting); {
			matcherName := d.Val()
			tokensByMatcherName[matcherName] = append(tokensByMatcherName[matcherName], d.NextSegment()...)
		}
		for matcherName, tokens := range tokensByMatcherName {
			err := makeMatcher(matcherName, tokens)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

func encodeMatcherSet(matchers map[string]caddyhttp.RequestMatcher) (caddy.ModuleMap, error) {
	msEncoded := make(caddy.ModuleMap)
	for matcherName, val := range matchers {
		jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(val)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshaling matcher set %#v: %v", matchers, err)
		}
		msEncoded[matcherName] = jsonBytes
	}
	return msEncoded, nil
}

// placeholderShorthands returns a slice of old-new string pairs,
// where the left of the pair is a placeholder shorthand that may
// be used in the Caddyfile, and the right is the replacement.
func placeholderShorthands() []string {
	return []string{
		"{dir}", "{http.request.uri.path.dir}",
		"{file}", "{http.request.uri.path.file}",
		"{host}", "{http.request.host}",
		"{hostport}", "{http.request.hostport}",
		"{port}", "{http.request.port}",
		"{method}", "{http.request.method}",
		"{path}", "{http.request.uri.path}",
		"{query}", "{http.request.uri.query}",
		"{remote}", "{http.request.remote}",
		"{remote_host}", "{http.request.remote.host}",
		"{remote_port}", "{http.request.remote.port}",
		"{scheme}", "{http.request.scheme}",
		"{uri}", "{http.request.uri}",
		"{tls_cipher}", "{http.request.tls.cipher_suite}",
		"{tls_version}", "{http.request.tls.version}",
		"{tls_client_fingerprint}", "{http.request.tls.client.fingerprint}",
		"{tls_client_issuer}", "{http.request.tls.client.issuer}",
		"{tls_client_serial}", "{http.request.tls.client.serial}",
		"{tls_client_subject}", "{http.request.tls.client.subject}",
		"{tls_client_certificate_pem}", "{http.request.tls.client.certificate_pem}",
		"{tls_client_certificate_der_base64}", "{http.request.tls.client.certificate_der_base64}",
		"{upstream_hostport}", "{http.reverse_proxy.upstream.hostport}",
	}
}

// WasReplacedPlaceholderShorthand checks if a token string was
// likely a replaced shorthand of the known Caddyfile placeholder
// replacement outputs. Useful to prevent some user-defined map
// output destinations from overlapping with one of the
// predefined shorthands.
func WasReplacedPlaceholderShorthand(token string) string {
	prev := ""
	for i, item := range placeholderShorthands() {
		// only look at every 2nd item, which is the replacement
		if i%2 == 0 {
			prev = item
			continue
		}
		if strings.Trim(token, "{}") == strings.Trim(item, "{}") {
			// we return the original shorthand so it
			// can be used for an error message
			return prev
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// tryInt tries to convert val to an integer. If it fails,
// it downgrades the error to a warning and returns 0.
func tryInt(val any, warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning) int {
	intVal, ok := val.(int)
	if val != nil && !ok && warnings != nil {
		*warnings = append(*warnings, caddyconfig.Warning{Message: "not an integer type"})
	}
	return intVal
}

func tryString(val any, warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning) string {
	stringVal, ok := val.(string)
	if val != nil && !ok && warnings != nil {
		*warnings = append(*warnings, caddyconfig.Warning{Message: "not a string type"})
	}
	return stringVal
}

func tryDuration(val any, warnings *[]caddyconfig.Warning) caddy.Duration {
	durationVal, ok := val.(caddy.Duration)
	if val != nil && !ok && warnings != nil {
		*warnings = append(*warnings, caddyconfig.Warning{Message: "not a duration type"})
	}
	return durationVal
}

// sliceContains returns true if needle is in haystack.
func sliceContains(haystack []string, needle string) bool {
	for _, s := range haystack {
		if s == needle {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan returns true if there are any
// listeners in addresses that use a port which is not otherPort.
// Mostly borrowed from unexported method in caddyhttp package.
func listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(addresses []string, otherPort string) bool {
	otherPortInt, err := strconv.Atoi(otherPort)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	for _, lnAddr := range addresses {
		laddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if uint(otherPortInt) > laddrs.EndPort || uint(otherPortInt) < laddrs.StartPort {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// specificity returns len(s) minus any wildcards (*) and
// placeholders ({...}). Basically, it's a length count
// that penalizes the use of wildcards and placeholders.
// This is useful for comparing hostnames and paths.
// However, wildcards in paths are not a sure answer to
// the question of specificity. For example,
// '*.example.com' is clearly less specific than
// 'a.example.com', but is '/a' more or less specific
// than '/a*'?
func specificity(s string) int {
	l := len(s) - strings.Count(s, "*")
	for len(s) > 0 {
		start := strings.Index(s, "{")
		if start < 0 {
			return l
		}
		end := strings.Index(s[start:], "}") + start + 1
		if end <= start {
			return l
		}
		l -= end - start
		s = s[end:]
	}
	return l
}

type counter struct {
	n *int
}

func (c counter) nextGroup() string {
	name := fmt.Sprintf("group%d", *c.n)
	*c.n++
	return name
}

type namedCustomLog struct {
	name string
	log  *caddy.CustomLog
}

// sbAddrAssociation is a mapping from a list of
// addresses to a list of server blocks that are
// served on those addresses.
type sbAddrAssociation struct {
	addresses    []string
	serverBlocks []serverBlock
}

const matcherPrefix = "@"

// Interface guard
var _ caddyfile.ServerType = (*ServerType)(nil)